Open methods for digital conservation of musical instruments

Historical musical instruments pose complex challenges in the heritage sector, as they embody multiple and often competing value systems in conservation. This thesis, conducted within the NEMUS project, investigates how digital technologies can address such challenges in musical instrument heritage. Two key issues are examined: meaningful interaction with digitised instruments and digital analysis of their material properties. The first challenge concerns interaction, explored through the harpsichord. Standard MIDI controllers fail to reproduce the instrument’s distinctive haptic and kinaesthetic qualities. To address this, a two-register haptic interface was developed using a custom-built, historically informed harpsichord keyboard designed to replicate the mechanical response of an original instrument. The design principles, prototyping, and fabrication processes are presented within an open methodological framework, culminating in a public exhibition at Museo San Colombano. The second challenge focuses on material analysis. An open-source finite difference simulation framework for vibrating plates with adjustable elastic boundary conditions was developed to support the study of string instrument soundboards. The resulting software, magpie, is implemented across MATLAB, Python, and C++. It aims to democratise access to acoustic modelling by enabling users to visualise mode shapes and frequencies, supporting researchers, educators, and instrument makers in experimental exploration. Both projects adopt an open methodology aligned with FAIR principles. While digital tools enhance conservation, analysis, and recreation, they also introduce challenges related to sustainability, reproducibility, software citation, and long-term data stewardship. Future directions for each project are discussed within this broader commitment to openness and sustainable digital practice.