Urban activation for intercultural cities: a new perspective of space design

This study explores the role of urban space design in fostering intercultural interactions and social integration within multicultural cities. Focusing on Bologna, Italy, and Toronto, Canada, it examines how diverse spatial qualities—such as enclosure, natural elements, mobility, and conviviality—affect intercultural encounters in public spaces. Through a mixed-methods approach—including behavioral mapping, non-participant observation, walking interviews, and semi-structured interviews—the research identifies key spatial and social factors that promote or hinder intercultural engagement. The findings reveal that well-designed, inclusive, and adaptive public spaces can act as vital mediators for intercultural dialogue, community cohesion, and social inclusion. However, barriers such as insecurity, spatial deficiencies, and social exclusion persist, requiring holistic strategies at urban, community, and architectural scales. The study advances a comprehensive framework of intercultural placemaking, emphasizing the importance of spatial attributes, participatory governance, and innovative interventions. Ultimately, it offers practical insights for urban planners, policymakers, and designers dedicated to creating equitable, resilient, and vibrant intercultural cities.