New green bone substitutes from marine resources

The bone substitutes needs to favor osseointegration, therefore theirs composition need to be similar to the human bone mineral phase, which is HA. The conversion through chemical synthesis of calcium carbonate from marine waste in HA is used. However, currently the use of high temperatures lead to important energy and environmental impact. Here, a new mild-wet synthesis of CaCO3 from marine (cuttlefish bones, mussels and clamshells) waste is proposed to obtain green HA. The mild-wet synthesis was applied for 48h with different DAP concentrations and the addition of organic solvents. The converted materials were characterized to optimize the conversion rates. Their biological behavior was tested on L929 cells and their viability was evaluated by the Alamar Blue assay. The IJD-made coatings fabrication with HA-converted powders. In addition, other materials were used for coatings fabrications to compare their features with marine-derived nanocoatings. The conversion of powders was more efficient with the use of 1M DAP was the best concentration and the addition of organic solvents had increased the HA formed. The resulted powder had a spherical shape with undefined edges and Ca/P similar to biogenic HA. The use of 50 and 25% conditioned medium from converted powders increased the viability and proliferation. Nanostructured coatings in cuttlefish bone and mussel-derived HA were obtained with IJD, and by the SEM observation they were composed of globular aggregates and covered uniformly and homogenously the substrate surface. The chemical composition of the coatings obtained was similar to the starting sputtering targets as observed by FT-IR and EDS analyses. For the other CaP materials used, all the coatings obtained in the different materials were composed by globular aggregates and the chemical composition was similar to the starting materials. Regarding the different HA, coatings obtained from natural-derived HA possessed higher similarity to human bone mineral part.