New solutions for historical masonries affected by rising damp: from monitoring techniques to bio-based treatments against salt crystallization

The preservation of architectural heritage is significantly challenged by the presence of moisture in masonry, which plays a critical role in deterioration processes affecting historical architecture, especially salt weathering. Despite the recognition of rising damp as a pervasive issue, current solutions for its effective removal remain insufficient, largely due to challenges in accurately quantifying moisture levels in construction materials. This research aims to tackle these intertwined challenges through two key approaches: advancing moisture measurement methodologies and exploring innovative strategies to mitigate salt-induced deterioration. A new sensor system was rigorously tested in both controlled laboratory environments and real-world settings, enabling continuous and remote monitoring of moisture dynamics. Additionally, a comprehensive monitoring campaign has been carried out to assess the health state of the historic Church of Santa Croce in Ravenna, utilizing minimally invasive techniques that account for the complexities inherent in ancient masonry. Furthermore, the study investigates the potential of using chitosan, a biopolymer sourced from crustacean shells, in conjunction with diammonium phosphate (DAP), to mitigate the detrimental effects of salt damage. By harnessing the unique properties of these materials, this research proposes an innovative approach to enhance the longevity and resilience of historical structures against salt crystallization. Through the integration of advanced moisture measurement and targeted damage mitigation strategies, this work aspires to provide meaningful contributions to the field of conservation science, promoting the effective safeguarding of the invaluable architectural heritage.