AI in orbit: threats and opportunities for autonomous systems in space activities

The subject of this dissertation is the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into space activities. The outer space domain has undergone a profound transformation, shifting from a state-centered environment to a complex ecosystem shaped by public–private partnerships, commercial actors, and disruptive technological innovation. AI is emerging as a defining element of the New Space Era. This work aims to understand how such technological developments affect the existing governance and regulatory frameworks of outer space and, consequently, how they may contribute to the future of space activities. The first part explores how the evolution of large satellite constellations in Low-Earth Orbit has increased the need for autonomy at the edge of space systems. Subsequently, the legal and policy challenges deriving from this integration, such as data governance, cybersecurity, dual use, and intellectual property, are examined. The work also argue that the diffusion of AI-based autonomy not only challenges existing legal principles but also opens new possibilities for reinforcing the governance of outer space operations. It will be held that AI represents both a regulatory challenge and a governance opportunity. By supporting tasks such as anomaly detection and collision avoidance, AI can contribute to the long-term usability of orbital environments. Finally, the EU’s Artificial Intelligence Act is analyzed as a case study to assess the interaction between horizontal AI regulation and sectoral regimes such as space. The conclusion advanced is that the governance of AI in orbit requires a cross-domain approach capable of bridging different domain, from technological innovation to AI and space law. This dissertation therefore situates itself among the first systematic attempts to analyze the multifaceted challenges for the integration of autonomous AI systems in outer space, viewing AI not solely as a source of risk, but as an enabler of better awareness and coordination.