Beyond foaling: exploring the crucial postpartum period in the mare

The postpartum period in the mare represents a complex and dynamic phase, characterized by endocrine, vascular, anatomical, and immune adaptations that work together to restore normal reproductive function. However, careful attention must be paid to potential postpartum complications, which can affect short- and long-term fertility. This thesis aimed to characterize physiological and pathological postpartum dynamics and to evaluate the factors influencing reproductive recovery and clinical outcomes. Through Doppler ultrasonography, it was possible to observe that uterine artery parameters were shaped by the combined effects of age and parity, highlighting how successive pregnancies and age-related vascular alterations interact to modulate uterine hemodynamics. By analyzing follicular dynamics alongside endocrine profiles, it was possible to assess the factors, influencing the resumption of postpartum cyclicity and the associated hormonal patterns in mares with physiological and pathological postpartum conditions. Alongside the physiological postpartum changes, pathological conditions were also investigated. Retained fetal membranes were retrospectively characterized in light-breed mares in terms of overall incidence and their association with factors such as age, parity, high-risk pregnancies, dystocia, assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs), postpartum complications, treatment, and outcomes. Postpartum metritis was examined through cytokine profiling, revealing that although some immune activation is always present after foaling, it becomes markedly exaggerated in affected mares, contributing to impaired uterine recovery. The use of ARTs was investigated, revealing their influence on the macroscopic morphology of fetal membranes and their association with a higher incidence of dystocia, but do not appear to affect neonatal outcomes. Finally, the case report provided a practical case in which several of the previously discussed aspects were illustrated, demonstrating how timely intervention and monitoring can support the restoration of normal ovarian function even in high-risk situations. In summary, postpartum recovery in mares reflects a delicate balance of physiological and pathological factors, emphasizing the importance of optimized management strategies.